Unified Modeling Language
Unified Modeling Language |
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Object Oriented Analysis & Design |
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a general-purpose, graphical modeling language in the field of Software Engineering. UML is used to specify, visualize, construct, and document the artifacts (major elements) of the software system. It was initially developed by Grady Booch, Ivar Jacobson, and James Rumbaugh in 1994-95 at Rational software, and its further development was carried out through 1996. In 1997, it got adopted as a standard by the Object Management Group.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a general-purpose, graphical modeling language in the field of Software Engineering. UML is used to specify, visualize, construct, and document the artifacts (major elements) of the software system. It was initially developed by Grady Booch, Ivar Jacobson, and James Rumbaugh in 1994-95 at Rational software, and its further development was carried out through 1996. In 1997, it got adopted as a standard by the Object Management Group.
Object Oriented Analysis & Design:
A Brief History:
The object-oriented paradigm took its shape from the initial concept of a new programming approach, while the interest in design and analysis methods came much later.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a general-purpose, graphical modeling language in the field of Software Engineering. UML is used to specify, visualize, construct, and document the artifacts (major elements) of the software system. It was initially developed by Grady Booch, Ivar Jacobson, and James Rumbaugh in 1994-95 at Rational software, and its further development was carried out through 1996. In 1997, it got adopted as a standard by the Object Management Group.
Object Oriented Analysis & Design:
A Brief History:
The object-oriented paradigm took its shape from the initial concept of a new programming approach, while the interest in design and analysis methods came much later.
- The first object–oriented language was Simula (Simulation of real systems) that was developed in 1960 by researchers at the Norwegian Computing Center.
- In 1970, Alan Kay and his research group at Xerox PARK created a personal computer named Dynabook and the first pure object-oriented programming language (OOPL) - Smalltalk, for programming the Dynabook.
- In the 1980s, Grady Booch published a paper titled Object Oriented Design that mainly presented a design for the programming language, Ada. In the ensuing editions, he extended his ideas to a complete object–oriented design method.
- In the 1990s, Coad incorporated behavioral ideas to object-oriented methods.
UML
The UML stands for Unified modeling language, is a standardized general-purpose visual modeling language in the field of Software Engineering. It is used for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting the primary artifacts of the software system. It helps in designing and characterizing, especially those software systems that incorporate the concept of Object orientation. It describes the working of both the software and hardware systems.
The UML was developed in 1994-95 by Grady Booch, Ivar Jacobson, and James Rumbaugh at the Rational Software. In 1997, it got adopted as a standard by the Object Management Group (OMG).
The Object Management Group (OMG) is an association of several companies that controls the open standard UML. The OMG was established to build an open standard that mainly supports the interoperability of object-oriented systems. It is not restricted within the boundaries, but it can also be utilized for modeling the non-software systems. The OMG is best recognized for the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) standards.
Goals of UML:
Characteristics of UML:
The UML has the following features:
The UML stands for Unified modeling language, is a standardized general-purpose visual modeling language in the field of Software Engineering. It is used for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting the primary artifacts of the software system. It helps in designing and characterizing, especially those software systems that incorporate the concept of Object orientation. It describes the working of both the software and hardware systems.
The UML was developed in 1994-95 by Grady Booch, Ivar Jacobson, and James Rumbaugh at the Rational Software. In 1997, it got adopted as a standard by the Object Management Group (OMG).
The Object Management Group (OMG) is an association of several companies that controls the open standard UML. The OMG was established to build an open standard that mainly supports the interoperability of object-oriented systems. It is not restricted within the boundaries, but it can also be utilized for modeling the non-software systems. The OMG is best recognized for the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) standards.
Goals of UML:
- Since it is a general-purpose modeling language, it can be utilized by all the modelers.
- UML came into existence after the introduction of object-oriented concepts to systematize and consolidate the object-oriented development, due to the absence of standard methods at that time.
- The UML diagrams are made for business users, developers, ordinary people, or anyone who is looking forward to understand the system, such that the system can be software or non-software.
- Thus it can be concluded that the UML is a simple modeling approach that is used to model all the practical systems.
Characteristics of UML:
The UML has the following features:
- It is a generalized modeling language.
- It is distinct from other programming languages like C++, Python, etc.
- It is interrelated to object-oriented analysis and design.
- It is used to visualize the workflow of the system.
- It is a pictorial language, used to generate powerful modeling artifacts.
Object-Oriented Analysis:
Object–Oriented Analysis (OOA) is the procedure of identifying software engineering requirements and developing software specifications in terms of a software system’s object model, which comprises of interacting objects.
The main difference between object-oriented analysis and other forms of analysis is that in object-oriented approach, requirements are organized around objects, which integrate both data and functions. They are modeled after real-world objects that the system interacts with. In traditional analysis methodologies, the two aspects - functions and data - are considered separately.
Grady Booch has defined OOA as, “Object-oriented analysis is a method of analysis that examines requirements from the perspective of the classes and objects found in the vocabulary of the problem domain”.
The primary tasks in object-oriented analysis (OOA) are −
Object-Oriented Design:
Object–Oriented Design (OOD) involves implementation of the conceptual model produced during object-oriented analysis. In OOD, concepts in the analysis model, which are technology−independent, are mapped onto implementing classes, constraints are identified and interfaces are designed, resulting in a model for the solution domain, i.e., a detailed description of how the system is to be built on concrete technologies.
The implementation details generally include −
Object-Oriented Programming:
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based upon objects (having both data and methods) that aims to incorporate the advantages of modularity and reusability. Objects, which are usually instances of classes, are used to interact with one another to design applications and computer programs.
The important features of object–oriented programming are −
Grady Booch has defined object–oriented programming as “a method of implementation in which programs are organized as cooperative collections of objects, each of which represents an instance of some class, and whose classes are all members of a hierarchy of classes united via inheritance relationships”.
Object–Oriented Analysis (OOA) is the procedure of identifying software engineering requirements and developing software specifications in terms of a software system’s object model, which comprises of interacting objects.
The main difference between object-oriented analysis and other forms of analysis is that in object-oriented approach, requirements are organized around objects, which integrate both data and functions. They are modeled after real-world objects that the system interacts with. In traditional analysis methodologies, the two aspects - functions and data - are considered separately.
Grady Booch has defined OOA as, “Object-oriented analysis is a method of analysis that examines requirements from the perspective of the classes and objects found in the vocabulary of the problem domain”.
The primary tasks in object-oriented analysis (OOA) are −
- Identifying objects
- Organizing the objects by creating object model diagram
- Defining the internals of the objects, or object attributes
- Defining the behavior of the objects, i.e., object actions
- Describing how the objects interact
Object-Oriented Design:
Object–Oriented Design (OOD) involves implementation of the conceptual model produced during object-oriented analysis. In OOD, concepts in the analysis model, which are technology−independent, are mapped onto implementing classes, constraints are identified and interfaces are designed, resulting in a model for the solution domain, i.e., a detailed description of how the system is to be built on concrete technologies.
The implementation details generally include −
- Restructuring the class data (if necessary),
- Implementation of methods, i.e., internal data structures and algorithms,
- Implementation of control, and
- Implementation of associations.
Object-Oriented Programming:
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based upon objects (having both data and methods) that aims to incorporate the advantages of modularity and reusability. Objects, which are usually instances of classes, are used to interact with one another to design applications and computer programs.
The important features of object–oriented programming are −
- Bottom–up approach in program design
- Programs organized around objects, grouped in classes
- Focus on data with methods to operate upon object’s data
- Interaction between objects through functions
- Reusability of design through creation of new classes by adding features to existing classes
Grady Booch has defined object–oriented programming as “a method of implementation in which programs are organized as cooperative collections of objects, each of which represents an instance of some class, and whose classes are all members of a hierarchy of classes united via inheritance relationships”.
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